Page 77 - AFRICAN STUDIES 2013

."‫ "ﺘﺴوق‬/gabajja/  ‫ ـ ﺼﻴﻐﺔ‬
.‫ ﻋوﻀﺎً ﻋن ﺼﺎﻤﺘﻴن ﻤﻔﻘودﻴن‬/α/ ‫ وﻴرد اﻝﺼﺎﺌﺘﺎن‬،"‫ اﻨﻔك‬- ‫ "ارﺘﺨﻰ‬/lαllα/  ‫ ـ ﺼﻴﻐﺔ‬3

.‫وﻻ وﺠود ﻝﻠﻔﻌل اﻷﺤﺎدي أو اﻝﺨﻤﺎﺴﻲ أو اﻝﺴداﺴﻲ اﻝﻤﺠرد ﻀﻤن أﻗﺴﺎم اﻝﻔﻌل اﻝﻤﺠرد ﻓﻲ اﻷﻤﻬرﻴﺔ‬

‫الهــوامـش والمراجع‬ :‫ا‬‫ وا‬‫ا‬‫• ا‬

1- Nega Alemayehu and Peter Willett (2002): "Stemming of Amharic Words for Information
Retrieval", Literary and linguistic Computing, vol.17, No.1. Oxford University Press. p.2.

2- Office of Population and Housing Census Commission 1998, Tables 2.15 and 2.17. In The
1994 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia, Results at Country Level, Volume I,
Statistical Report. Addis Ababa 1998: Central Statistical Office.

http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php?option=com_wrapper&view=wrapper&Itemid=221
3- Federal Negarit Gazeta of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (1995), Addis

Ababa, Constitution of FDRE, Article 5.p. 78.

: ‫ ارﺠﻊ‬-4

- Serge Obolensky, Debebow Zelelie and Mulugeta Andu Alem (1964): "Amharic Basic
Course Units 1–50", Foreign Service Institute, Washington, pp.65,121,248-252.

- R.C. Abraham (1968): "The Principles of Amharic" ,occasional publication no.9, Institute of
African Studies, University of Ibadan, pp.30-31.

- E.G. Titov (1976): ”The Modern Amharic Language”, “NAUKA” Publishing House,
Central Department Of Oriental Literature, Moscow, pp.55-57.

- David Appleyard (1995): "Colloquial Amharic", first published, Rutledge, New York,
pp.55,126.

- W. Leslau (1995):"Reference Grammar of Amharic", Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden, pp. 280 -
282.

- Grover Hudson (1997): "Amharic: An Ethiopian Semitic Language", Paper image printing
center of East Lansing, pp.23-24.

- Baye Yimam (1999): "The Verb to say in Amharic" in "Journal of Ethiopian Studies", N.1.
pp.1-50, Institute of Ethiopian Studies, Addis Ababa University, p.2.

- Baye Yimam (1999): "Root Reductions and Extensions in Amharic" in "Ethiopian Journal
of Languages and Literatures", N.9. pp.56-88, Addis Ababa University, p.57.

- W. Leslau (2000): ”Introductory Grammar Of Amharic”, Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden,
pp.57,107,118.

.122-111 ‫ ص‬،"‫ د ارﺴﺔ ﺼرﻓﻴﺔ ﻤﻘﺎرﻨﺔ‬:‫ "اﻝﻔﻌل اﻝﻨﺎﻗص ﻓﻲ اﻝﻠﻐﺔ اﻝﻌرﺒﻴﺔ‬:(1999) ‫ ﻋﻤر ﺼﺎﺒر ﻋﺒد اﻝﺠﻠﻴل‬: ‫ ارﺠﻊ‬- 5

. 63 ‫ ص‬،‫ اﻝﻘﺎﻫرة‬،‫ ﻋﺎﻝم اﻝﻜﺘب‬،"‫ "اﻝﺨﻼﺼﺔ اﻝﻨﺤوﻴﺔ‬:(2000) ‫ ﺘﻤﺎم ﺤﺴﺎن‬-6

‫ﻲ‬،‫أأﺤﻤـﻴﺎﻨـﺎًﻫـذﻫـاواﻝﺘﻨـوعﻀـﻌﻤﻴـنف اﻝﺘﺼـﻀوـﺘﻌﻴﻲ ﻓفﻘـ ﻓـط‬،‫ﻌـاَﻝلﻤوﺤﻴﺠـودث إﻫﻨنـﺎاﻝﻓـزﻴـﻲﺎداةﻝﻔﻓﻌـلﻲ اﻝﺜﻤﺒﻼﻨـﺜـﻰﻲ ﻫواﻨـﻝﺎرﺒـأﺎدﻋتﻲإﻝـوﻓـﻰﻲاﻝﺒزﻴـﻌـﺎدةضﻓـﻲﺼـاﻴﻝﻎﻤﻌاﻝﻨـﻔﻌﻰـ الﻝ اﻝﺜﺼـﻨـﺎرﻓﺌﻲ‬‫ اوﻝﺘﺼـﻴﻀﻐﻌﻴﺔ ﻓَف‬- 7
‫ وذﻝـك ﻋﻠـﻰ اﻝﻌﻜـس ﻤـن اﻝﻌرﺒﻴـﺔ ﻤـﺜﻼً ﻓـﻲ ﻤﺜـل ﺼـﻴﻐﺔ ﻓَ َﻌـ َل‬،ً‫ﺼـرﻓﻴﺎً أو ﻤﻌﺠﻤﻴـﺎ‬.‫وﻝاﻴﻷﻤسﻬﺘرﻴﺔﻀ ﻓﻌﻠﻴﻴﻔﺎًسﻓوﻝﻨﻪوﻝدوﺠﻻﻝﻴﺎًﺔ؛ ﻓﺼﻬورﻓﻴﺔﻏﻴـأرو ﻤﻤﻌﻴـﺠزﻤﻴﺔ‬
8- Grover Hudson (1997): "Amharic: An Ethiopian Semitic Language", Op. cit., p.22.
9- C.H. Dawkins (1969): "The Fundamentals of Amharic", Sudan Interior Mission, Addis

Ababa, Ethiopia, p.12.

‫ ﻤـﺘن اﻝد ارﺴـﺔ داﺨـل اﻝﻨﺼـوص اﻝﻤﻘﺘﺒﺴـﺔ ﻋﺒـﺎرة ﻋـن ﺘﻌﻠﻴﻘـﺎت‬2‫ﻲ‬4‫ اﻝﺘﻌﻠﻴﻘـﺎت اﻝـواردة ﺒـﻴن ﻗوﺴـﻴن ﻤـرﺒﻌﻴن ] [ واﻝﺘـﻲ ﺘـرد ﻓـ‬-10

.‫ﺘوﻀﻴﺤﻴﺔ ﻤن اﻝﺒﺎﺤث وﻝﻴﺴت ﻤن أﺼل اﻝﻨص اﻝﻤﻘﺘﺒس‬

11- W. Leslau (2000): ”Introductory Grammar Of Amharic”, Op. cit., p.57.
12- E.G. Titov (1976): ”The Modern Amharic Language”, Op. cit., p.55.
13- R.C. Abraham (1968): "The Principles of Amharic", Op. cit., p.55.
14- David Appleyard (1995): "Colloquial Amhari", Op. cit., p.55.
15- M.L. Bender (1976): "Language in Ethiopia", Oxford University Press, London, p.83.
16- (1989=1997):     : 

:  ,-,9669:: -

17- Baye Yimam (1999): "The Verb to say in Amharic", Op. cit.,p.2.
18- Baye Yimam (1999): "Root Reductions and Extensions in Amharic", Op. cit., p.57.
19 -R.C. Abraham (1968): "The Principles of Amharic", Op. cit., pp.30-31; E.G. Titov

(1976): ”The Modern Amharic Language”, Op. cit., pp.55-57; Baye Yimam (1999): "Root
Reductions and Extensions in Amharic", Op. cit., p.57; W. Leslau (2000): ”Introductory